Was looking into this because of that recent Paul McCartney article that was shared, and wanted to share what I found:
Here’s a good breakdown of differences between vegan & vegetarian diets in terms of climate impact: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-023-00795-w
Emissions:
Vegan:............. CO2: 2.16, CH4: 04.39, N2O: 0.71Vegetarian:........ CO2: 3.33, CH4: 20.21, N2O: 0.98medium meat-eaters: CO2: 5.34, CH4: 40.88, N20: 1.73high meat-eaters:.. CO2: 7.28, CH4: 65.40, N2O: 2.62
So vegans have 30% of the emissions as high-meat-eaters, and the differences between vegans and vegetarians are significant with regards to their emissions, particularly methane emissions due to the significantly higher consumption of cheese by vegetarians.
(EDIT: it has been suggested it’s worth clarifying that vegan diet having 30% CO2 emissions means that there was a 70% reduction in CO2 emissions, and that methane emissions were reduced by 93% going from high-meat to vegan.)
Vegetarians ate significantly more cheese (30 g / day) than even meat-eaters (19 g / day), despite eating less dairy overall otherwise.
Also should be noted that there is a big gap between biodiversity impact between vegans and vegetarians, with vegetarian diets causing nearly double the number of species extinctions per day than vegan diets.
I was surprised that water use was so similar between vegans and vegetarians considering how much cheese vegetarians eat.
I still would recommend a vegetarian diet to meat eaters, as it’s still a massive improvement (and in my experience, it’s easier to become vegan once vegetarian), just thought it was interesting to actually quantify differences between veganism and vegetarianism in terms of climate impact.


Regarding climate change specifically, I just want to put these numbers out there as well…
The Truth Behind the Numbers
…and the follow-up: Where the Truth Lies
the problem is that “opportunity cost” is a theoretical savings that isn’t being extended to other kinds of emissions, they aren’t looking at what carbon opportunity costs exist if we sequester carbon in other ways, e.g. an equally implausible alteration as ending all animal agriculture and replacing the land used for animal agriculture with carbon sequestration would be to eliminate cars entirely and to replace parking lots with trees … but they only look at animal agriculture to determine the relative contribution to climate change … it’s not surprising to learn Climate Healers is an organization dedicated to pushing the idea that animal agriculture in the main cause of climate change, and that veganism is the only solution to climate change. These are activists, not scientists.
If a brand new, efficient gasoline car puts out 400 grams of carbon dioxide per mile it is driven, and a high-meat diet puts off 7 grams of carbon dioxide per day, I would imagine that cars contribute much more to carbon emissions than diet.
Current estimates are that about a quarter to a third of greenhouse gases emissions come from food production (including animal agriculture). Climate Healers suggest including other emissions that are not commonly included for good reasons, for example carbon dioxide has a very long atmospheric lifetime of over 100 years, and reducing CO2 emissions will be crucial to preventing climate disaster … bringing up black carbon that has an atmospheric lifespan measured in days is not helping create a more clear picture - it distorts rather than clarifies. I trust the climate scientists’ choice to focus on carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions as the main greenhouse gases of concern when looking at the impact to the climate, especially when you consider that this Climate Healers article is written by the founder, Sailesh Rao, who has no scientific background or education in climate science, and who has acted as producer on several films that have been criticized as sharing misleading or false statements, e.g. he was a producer on What the Health:
and was a producer of Cowspiracy which made false claims about the contribution of animal agriculture to climate change:
The actual evidence I can find from peer reviewed, scientific sources indicate animal agriculture contributes a minority of the relevant greenhouse emissions we should be concerned about. Emissions aren’t the only environmental impact of animal agriculture, and it’s abundantly clear that veganism is a way to improve the environmental situation (it’s better on every mark: personal health, ethical considerations, lower emissions, less water and land use, lowered species extinctions, etc.).
But this leads me to be puzzled why, given all the evidence that veganism is good for you and good for the planet, someone like Sailesh Rao feels the need to dedicate himself to distorting the truth and exaggerating the impact of animal agriculture on the environment or health … Given his books which betray religious interpretations of the environment and veganism, the motivations for distorting facts are likely personal, and it’s unfortunate because his unwillingness to respect evidence or science undermines his message and paints veganism as an extreme diet that cranks and quacks push.
Veganism is in much better hands with actual medical doctors and climate scientists who have carefully accumulated the evidence that shows the diet is healthier and better for the environment than the alternatives. Science and evidence allows anyone from any faith or creed to accept the truth as true; pushing veganism with falsehoods and distortions from a religious perspective only weakens the movement.
How would you even account for this? You couldn’t count it as part of the carbon opportunity cost of fossil fuels, as some cars are electric. You couldn’t count it as part of the carbon opportunity cost of industry, as the industry that makes the cars is not responsible for constructing the parking lots. You would need to look at every aspect of car culture from mining the materials to manufacturing the cars to constructing the roads and parking lots and determine how much deforestation is involved in every step of the process, which would be no easy feat, especially as the ratio of gasoline to electric cars is now changing relatively rapidly and the footprints of these different types of cars would differ as a result, and then calculate the carbon opportunity cost of cars on the whole as a separate category (which would make the totals add up to more than 100%, as there would be overlap with the footprints of fossil fuels and industry, for examples). If you wanted to calculate ONLY the carbon opportunity cost of the land area used for parking lots not being forested, then that would be a much easier calculation, but it isn’t really fair to criticise Sailesh / Climate Healers or the sources that they cite for not running those numbers; that is a very specific climate footprint to track compared to agriculture, industry, forestry, etc.
if you are going to estimate what percent of emissions are from animal agriculture vs transportation by looking only at “carbon opportunity cost” of animal agriculture and not doing anything to estimate the equivalent carbon opportunity cost of transportation, doesn’t that create obvious problems for the comparison?
and yes, it is fair to criticize Sailesh for not considering carbon opportunity cost of other sources of greenhouse gases when making claims about animal agriculture being the number one contributor to climate change on that basis, that’s my point
here’s an analogy: what if someone only looked at CO2 emissions from cars and animal agriculture, and ignored methane emissions entirely from animal ag? Wouldn’t you feel that the claim that cars create more emissions on that basis alone leaves out important information? Since methane is a significant greenhouse gas, and large amounts of it are produced by animal ag, to be intellectually honest you would want to measure and compare all significant greenhouse gases from both cars and animal ag to make a real comparison.
My point was just that: you can’t calculate carbon opportunity cost of animal ag and not do anything to calculate something equivalent for other sources of greenhouse gases (like transportation) if you are being intellectually honest and are actually trying to make a comparison.
Considering Sailesh’s past associations with intellectual dishonesty, however, it isn’t surprising to see that here as well.
Here you can see the numbers without the COC included (X% + COC), so that is a more “apples to apples” comparison…
I haven’t actually done the measurements and repeated all of the calculations, so I can’t verify these or any other numbers, but from what I observe in the world, “common sense” suggests that animal agriculture does in fact have the largest ecological impact. When we consider the aerosol emissions from coal and oil, the ERF (not necessarily GHG emissions) of animal agriculture being greater than that of fossil fuels doesn’t seem like much of a stretch. Ultimately it doesn’t matter so much if the numbers are off; both the exploitation of non-human animals and the burning of fossil fuels will need to end, and the former is much easier to end quickly with minimal disruption to infrastructure.