Indoor air pollution from New Zealand’s 523,000 wood burners was estimated to account for 446 hospital admissions for heart and lung problems, and 101 early deaths annually, in a country with a population of just over 5 million people. Breathing fumes from gas cooking indoors created more than 1,000 hospital admissions, 208 early deaths and more than 3,000 new cases of childhood asthma each year.
It’s the cost to society, I.e. the public health cost to treat people with problems caused by these things, probably includes the loss of GDP from those who can Bollinger work.
It’s right there in the text your quoted.