Yeah, but the northern part of the peninsula is broadly more culturally uniform than Sicily and Sardinia, and while the exact borders fluctuated a lot and was mainly made of city-states for a long time, there had been past kingdoms that unified the North peninsula much more recently than either of those two regions. “Italy” as a term really only referred to the northern peninsula, for the most part, for well over a thousand years.

Sicily (which would include the south end of the boot) would probably have the same label if it weren’t less funny that way. They were all distinct kingdoms and cultures for most of their history. the modern unified Italian identity is quite young by European standards, about as old as the US civil war

? You’re saying exactly the same thing I am. I was giving a definition, not an example. Admittedly confusing since I used the (real) word in its own (slang) definition.

No, “aesthetic” is generally just a noun, historically. As in “it has a modern/minimalist/cyberpunk aesthetic.” Its usage as an adjective just means “relating to the general idea of aesthetics as a field of study,” or “someone with a strong sense of and attunement to the design and beauty of things.” Using it to just mean “beautiful,” basically, is a new usage in just the last 5 years or less.

Using it as an adjective, to mean “has a pleasing aesthetic.”

I mean… Babies and small children don’t “choose” what language to learn, they just pick up whatever’s spoken regularly around them. So whatever their families and community speak, same as everyone else?

Yeah, which nobody would “expect” you to if you’re not from there

Where are you getting this impression? I’ve never gotten any sense that anyone outside the city is “expected” to know its geography. “Expected” how?

Also there are only 5 boroughs

Any concept this was ever a thing will be buried beneath the sands of time within your lifetime. You, too, will forget it completely. Nobody will ever think it peculiar because nobody will ever think of it at all.

it’s also not that weird

can it? Sure, most any arrangement of bits can be converted into some kind of Unicode text. Can it be converted to something meaningful or readable? No, some formats are plain text (.txt, .ini, .json, .html for some random examples) that are meant to be read by humans, and others are binary formats that are only meaningful when decoded by a computer into specific data structures inside a piece of software.

Are you under the impression that they don’t?

No, this was just your social circle. I know literally zero people who ever bought into any of that crap

From England straight to Louisiana is quite a leap

It’s actually the comptroller, but only if he attacks en passant

Isn’t it 15 degrees every day in San Francisco

Which wouldn’t have the potential if the larger sun didn’t form first to create the gravity to allow the rest to form.

This is simply incorrect. The gravitational potential of the body would be there regardless of what else is going on around it. And either way, the OP’s question was not about some hypothetical where the sun doesn’t exist, it’s about where energy came from in the real world.

Star != Sun is just pointlessly pedantic. You’re not trying to learn anything, just be a smartass.

? The OP’s question was literally “is there energy on earth that didn’t come from the sun.” I am not the one being pedantic here.

Nuclear materials were formed in supernovas. They wouldn’t exist in the first place without a star.

Well, yeah, sure. But that star is not the Sun.

Earth wouldn’t have coalesced without the sun in the middle. Otherwise we’d still be a gas blob.

I mean, sure? It wouldn’t be a gas blob, but it would be a very different system. But that still has nothing to do with it – even if the gravity of the sun influences how the earth coalesces, it’s still not where the thermal energy of the core came from. That came from the potential of the dust itself.

The heat in the Earth’s mantle and core comes from the gravitational potential energy of the original stellar dust clouds the Earth originally accreted from. So, geothermal energy mostly isn’t. And there’s also evidence that a few natural uranium deposits have undergone natural nuclear fission chain reactions. That one’s a pretty negligible amount, though. Other than that, no, it all traces back to the sun.

Yes, your aunt has (probably) signed up for what’s essentially a scam. This is their whole business model, they know timeshares sound better than they end up being, so they intentionally trick people into signing contracts that are very difficult to get out of, so they can’t just dump it the moment they realize they don’t want it anymore.

Like others have mentioned, there are various options (donations/sponsorships/grants) that larger projects will generally have some of, but for smaller projects (99% of what’s out there, by project count if not usage), the answer is simply “it isn’t.” It’s done as a hobby, as a resume booster, or with the hope of eventually becoming big enough to hit one of those revenue streams.