I realize there’s not much framing beyond the terms of left and right in order to score on this animosity theory. But people don’t necessarily have to fall all in on one side of the spectrum. Canada’s multi party system enables that nuanced expression that isn’t available in the US.

I think this feature also expanded the numbers of political parties that have to be compromised before Canadian democracy collapses like it did in the US.

Usually the polarization is between the haves and have nots (see French Revolution) and occurs when the compost finally hits the Cuisinart. Partisan polarization is nothing more than the “haves” on both/all sides trying to carve up perceived economic value for themselves. There is very little interest in serving the citizenry anymore but stirring up hate and divisiveness between differing groups? Easy peasey.